LGBT Direct Action Bibliography, Chronology, and Inventory, 1973 – Marc Stein – October 2024

B = businesses

E = electoral politics, including politicians, public officials, and political parties

G = gay-ins and other LGBT gatherings

I = military, militarism, war

J = jails and prisons

M = media (newspapers, magazines, film, radio, television), arts, and culture

N = national, state, and local government policies and buildings, including courts

O = police

P = pride events, marches, parades, and protests

Q = LGBT targets, including organizations and businesses

R = religion, religious institutions, and religious policies

S = science, medicine, psychology, and psychiatry

U = universities, colleges, schools, and educational institutions

X = miscellaneous

1973

20 January 1973: GAA-DC and other LGBT group participation in antiwar march (300 participants). Primary sources: Cade Ware and Perrin Shaffer, “Nation’s Last War Protest Includes Gays,” GAY, 12 Mar. 1973, 1, 4; David R. Boldt, “Protesters: Did They Accomplish Anything?” Philadelphia Inquirer, 18 Feb. 1973, 135, 137. [I]

20 January 1973: GLF-San Diego participation in antiwar march (50-100 participants). Primary sources: “San Diego Gays in Peace March,” The Advocate, 14 Feb. 1973, 9. [I]

29 January 1973: Gay Raiders zap at Independence Hall (3-4 participants). Primary sources: “‘Raider’ Unshackled at Independence Hall,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 29 Jan. 1973; “In a Gay Liberation Protest,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 30 Jan. 1973, 3C; “Gays Zap Bell’s Home,” The Advocate, 28 Feb. 1973, 28; “Activist Chains Self in Independence Hall,” GAY, 12 Mar. 1973, 8; “Tonight Show Zapped by Gay Raider,” The Advocate, 28 Mar. 1973, 3; Rod Townley, “Gay Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Inquirer Today, 12 May 1974, 262. [N]

5 February 1973: Threatened GAA-NY zap of the Jack Paar Show on ABC (leading to 8 March program with gay activists). Primary sources: Art Peters, “‘Gay Lib’ Jokes Are Hardly a Laughing Matter,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 Jan. 1973, D1; “Homosexual Group Gets Its Say on the Paar Show,” New York Times, 3 Feb. 1973, 59; “GAA Fights Media Oppression,” Gay Activist, Mar. 1973, 1; Gaylord, “Bits and Pieces,” Gay Scene, Mar. 1973, 9; “News Briefs,” Gay Activist, Apr. 1973, 1. [M]

13 February 1973: Gay Revolting Party participation in demonstration at eighth annual bridal fair at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio (20 participants). Primary sources: Anne Hummer, “Bridal Fair Attempts Different Approach,” Lantern (Columbus, Ohio), 14 Feb. 14, 1973, 1; Bonnie Chavin, “Protestors Conduct Anti-Bridal March,” Lantern (Columbus, Ohio), 14 Feb. 1973, 1. [B] [U]

16 February 1973: GAA-NY demonstration and sit-in against Marcus Welby, M.D. program on ABC (17-40 participants; 6 arrests). Primary sources: Albin Krebs, “‘Welby Is Scored by Gay Activists,” New York Times, 17 Feb. 1973, 6; “Gay Activists Win A.B.C. Concessions,” New York Times, 21 Feb. 1973, 87; “Marcus Welby Stands Pat,” Mattachine Midwest Newsletter, 2 Mar. 1973, 6; John J. Miller, “Memo from John J. Miller,” San Francisco Examiner, 4 Mar. 1973, 244; “Out of the Closet,” TIME 5 Mar. 1973, 80; Randy Wicker and Martin St. John, “TV Show Sets Off Steam,” The Advocate, 14 Mar. 1973, 1, 23; “GAA Fights Media Oppression,” Gay Activist, Mar. 1973, 1; “Judge Drops ABC Zap Charges,” The Advocate, 11 Apr. 1973, 15; “News Briefs,” Gay Activist, Apr. 1973, 2. [M]

20 February 1973: LGBT demonstration against Marcus Welby, M.D. program at Los Angeles County Medical Association (25 participants). Primary sources: “Gays Call Marcus Welby ‘Sick,’” Lesbian Tide, Mar. 1973, 11. [M] [S]

27 February 1973: Gay Raiders “lock-in” to protest anti-LGBT discrimination at the Philadelphia United Fund (1 participant). Primary sources: “United Fund Staff Locked in Offices during Segal Zap,” The Advocate, 28 Mar. 1973, 3, 22; Randy Wicker, “The Wicker Report,” GAY, 18 June 1973, 4. [X]

3 March 1973: LGBT demonstration against anti-lesbian discrimination at Tiffany’s bar in Detroit (30 participants). Primary sources: “Zap!” Gay Liberator, Apr. 1973, 1; “Bits & Pieces,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1974, 6. [B] [Q]

6 March 1973: Gay Raiders zap of Johnny Carson and The Tonight Show on NBC in Burbank, California (1 participant, 1 arrest). Primary sources: “It’s A Washout for Gay Activist,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 14 Mar. 1973, B8; “Tonight Show Zapped by Gay Raider,” The Advocate, 28 Mar. 1973, 3; Rod Townley, “Gay Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Inquirer Today, 12 May 1974, 262; Randy Wicker, “The Wicker Report,” GAY, 18 June 1973, 4. [M]

12 March 1973: March and rally against police harassment and Hilton Hotels in San Francisco (15 participants). Primary sources: “S.F. Hilton Gets Taste of Broshears,” The Advocate, 11 Apr. 1973, 15. [O] [B]

12-18 March 1973: GAA-Philadelphia demonstrations against sexism, racism, and anti-trans discrimination at the Steps. Primary sources: “Bar Pickets Charge Discrimination,” The Advocate, 11 Apr. 1973, 24. [B] [B] [B] [B] [B] [B] [B] [Q] [Q] [Q] [Q] [Q] [Q] [Q]

13 March 1973: Gay Raiders zap at NBC Studios in Burbank, California (2 participants; 2 arrests). Primary sources: “2 Gays Arrested at NBC-Burbank,” The Advocate, 11 Apr. 1973, 15; Randy Wicker, “The Wicker Report,” GAY, 18 June 1973, 4. [M]

4 April 1973: GAA-NY and Lesbian Liberation Committee dance-in at the Rainbow Grill (8 participants). Primary sources: “Bits and Pieces,” Gay Scene, Mar. 1973, 18; Earl Wilson, “Gay Lib Wins in A Waltz,” New York Daily News, 5 Apr. 1973, 30; Randy Wicker, “R.C.A.’s Rainbow Room Integrated,” GAY, 7 May 1973, 14, 15; “Gays Waltz in Rainbow Room,” Gay Scene, May 1973, 15. [B]

5 April 1973: GAA-DC sit-in at police headquarters (15 participants, 3 arrests). Primary sources: “3 Arrested in Sit-In Against D.C. Police,” The Advocate, 9 May 1973, 1; Cade Ware and Perrin Shaffer, “Activists Arrested in D.C. Police Office,” GAY, 21 May 1973, 17; “D.C. Trio Guilty without Sentence,” The Advocate, 7 Nov. 1973, 8. [O]

7 April 1973: Gay pride march in Cincinnati (50 participants). Primary sources: “Cincinnati Group Celebrates Pride Week with Parade,” The Advocate, 9 May 1973, 12. [P]

11 April 1973: LGBT zap at Western Psychological Association convention in Anaheim (2-5 participants). Primary sources: “Shock Device Booth Zapped at Conference,” The Advocate, 9 May 1973, 9. [S]

20 April 1973: Gay Alliance zap against Pacific Telephone and Telegraph in San Francisco. Primary sources: Gerald Hansen, “Telephone Company Warned by Activists,” GAY, 12 Feb. 1973, 1, 5; “Historic Meeting,” Bay Area Reporter, 18 Apr. 1973, 8, 9; George Mendenhall, “Bans Gays, Gets Brotherhood Award,” The Advocate, 9 May 1973, 3; “Ma Bell Zapped in San Francisco,” The Advocate, 23 May 1973, 5. [B]

23 April 1973: Radical Women and GLF-Seattle demonstration at police headquarters against police violence (40-50 participants). Primary sources: “Police Beating of Gay Woman Triggers Protests in Seattle,” The Advocate, 6 June 1973, 10. [O]

27 April 1973: LGBT demonstration against antigay police harassment and entrapment at Detroit’s Traffic Court (20 participants). Primary sources: “Detroit Seen,” Fifth Estate, 12 May 1973, 2; “Twenty People,” Gay Liberator, June 1973, 2. [O] [N]

28 April 1973: LGBT protest at home of New York City Council member Aileen Ryan to criticize her lack of support for gay rights legislation. Primary sources: “Threatened by Homosexuals, She Says,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 Apr. 1973, A18. [N]

30 April 1973: GAA-NY demonstration at City Hall to protest inaction on gay rights bill (30 participants; 10 arrests). Primary sources: Edward Ranzal, “10 Gay Activists Are Seized in City Hall,” New York Times, 1 May 1973, 53; Judy Bachrach, “New York Lights 75 Candles,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 2 May 1973, 10. [N]

1 May 1973: LGBT zap against Pacific Telephone and Telegraph in San Francisco. Primary sources: “Ma Bell Zapped in San Francisco,” The Advocate, 23 May 1973, 5. [B]

3 May 1973: GAA-NY demonstration at Inner Circle dinner at Hilton Hotel (300-500 participants). Primary sources: “Gay Activists Say Police Hamper Protest Plan,” New York Times, 28 Feb. 1973, 83; “Remember the Inner Circle: 300 Picket This Year,” The Advocate, 28 Mar. 1973, 2; Leo Skir, “Return to the Inner Circle: A Year Later,” GAY, 9 Apr. 1973, 1, 12; “Police Ban on Pickets May Lead to Test Case,” The Advocate, 11 Apr. 1973, 2; “News Briefs,” Gay Activist, Apr. 1973, 1; “The Outer Circle,” Gay Liberator, Apr. 1973, 3. [B] [M]

5 May 1973: Radical Woman and GLF-Seattle demonstration at home of Seattle police chief (60 participants). Primary sources: “Police Beating of Gay Woman Triggers Protests in Seattle,” The Advocate, 6 June 1973, 10. [O]

6 May 1973: Gay pride rally and march in Columbus (150 participants). Primary sources: “Plan Ahead,” Gay Liberator, Apr. 1973, 3; “Gay Pride Shorts,” Gay Liberator, July 1973, 4. [P]

7 May 1973: Gay Raiders zap of The Mike Douglas Show in Philadelphia (1 participant). Primary sources: John Corr, “Young Democrats ‘Dissolve’ Over Fitzpatrick for D.A.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 3 May 1973, 33; Judy Bachrach, “Gay Interruption Saddens Douglas,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 8 May 1973, B4; Larry Fields, “Pacino, Weld Play House,” Philadelphia Daily News, 8 May 1973, 43; Richard A. Rusinow, “‘Raider’ Hits Mike Douglas Show,” GAY, 18 June 1973, 1; Randy Wicker, “The Wicker Report,” GAY, 18 June 1973, 4, 15; “Sneaky Segal Zaps Again!” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 3. [M]

20 May 1973: Illinois Gays for Legislation Action demonstration at 44^th Ward Assembly’s fundraising fair in Chicago (30 participants). Primary sources: Larry Gulian and Alan Hockemeyer, “Gays Shut Out, Picket Ward Fair,” Chicago Gay Crusader, June 1973, 8; “Chicago Rights Law Backers Hopeful,” The Advocate, 29 Aug. 1973, 7. [E]

26 May 1973: Gay Caucus of Youth Against War and Fascism demonstration against advice columnist Ann Landers at her Chicago home (27 participants). Primary sources: Larry Gulian, “Gays March on Ann Landers,” Chicago Gay Crusader, June 1973, 4. [M]

May 1973: Gay Students Association zap of University of Washington psychology class (7 participants). Primary sources: “Seattle Psychology Class Zapped,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 20. [U] [S]

4 June 1973: LGBT demonstrations at Ann Arbor City Council meetings the Pretzel Bell, and the homes of Republican City Council members before and after vote against gay pride week proclamation (60-70 participants). Primary sources: “Gay Pride Week,” Ann Arbor Sun, 5 June 1973, 13; Gordon Atcheson, “Council Kills Gay Pride Week in Noisy Session,” Michigan Daily, 5 June 1973, 1; “City Council Zap,” Gay Liberator, July 1973, 1. [N] [E] [B]

10 June 1973: Gay pride rally and march in Philadelphia (700-2000 participants). Primary sources: Larry Fields, “Schwartz Hedges Picket Fence,” Philadelphia Daily News, 6 June 1973, 57; “Police Shield Schwartz from ‘Gay for a Day’ Prize,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 7 June 1973, 51; John Corr, “‘Sons of Desert’ Celebrate Wit of Laurel-Hardy,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 June 1973, 31; Helen Blue, “Hundreds of Gay Libbers March in Midcity Parade,” Philadelphia Daily News, 11 June 1973, 12; Jack Booth, “Gay Lib Rally in Rittenhouse Square Turns Some On and Turns Some Off,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 11 June 1973, 9; Bunky Flagler, “Gays Celebrate with Pride,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 11 June 1973, B1; “Philly Parade Turnout Drops,” The Advocate, 4 July 1973, 3; “Celebration of Gay Life,” Gay Alternative (no. 4), c. July 1973, 36; Mathew Grande, “Philadelphia Gay Pride 1973,” Gay Alternative, c. Aug. 1973 (no. 5), 4-5, 31; “Philadelphia: The Parade,” Gay Alternative, Sept. 1973, 4. [P]

12 June 1973: Madison Lesbians and Gay Liberation Front of Madison picketed Memorial Union at University of Wisconsin to protest university’s rejection of union contract clause that would bar discrimination based on sexual preference. Primary sources: “Members of Madison Lesbians,” Daily Cardinal, 15 June 1973, 1; Ron McCrea, “Madison’s Gays Active in Many Areas,” Capital Times, 25 June 1973, 39. [U]

16 June 1973: Gay pride parade in Boston (300 participants). Primary sources: Paul Kneeland, “300 Begin Gay Pride Week with Parade,” Boston Globe, 17 June 1973, 10; “New England Gay Pride Parade,” Boston Gayline, Aug. 1973, 4; Donald Stanley Meuse, “Working Together for Liberation,” Boston Gayline, Aug. 1973, 5. [P]

17 June 1973: Gay pride parades in Pittsburgh (60 participants) and “gay-in” in Berkeley (300 participants). Primary sources: “Gay-In Marks Pride Week in Berkeley,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 8; Paul Stavanger, “Ho Chi Minh Park Glows on Gay Day,” Berkeley Barb, 22 June 1973, 8; “Pittsburgh Paraders Fling Rusty Closet Doors Open,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 4. [P] [G]

23 June 1973: Gay pride parade in Atlanta (150 participants) and gay pride demonstration and rally in Portland, Oregon (50 people). Primary sources: “Georgians Plan Pride Week,” The Advocate, 9 May 1973, 13; Richard Fortune, “Atlanta Pride Week Enthusiastic, Eventful,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 4; “And Elsewhere,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1973, 1. [P] [P]

24 June 1973: Gay pride parades in Chicago (2,000-3,000 participants), Miami Beach, New York (3,000-20,000 participants), and San Francisco (2,000-40,000 participants). Primary sources: “San Francisco Parade: Yes, But Who’s on First?” The Advocate, 14 Mar. 1973, 9, 16; “‘72 S.F. Parade Organizers Trade Fund Misuse Charges,” The Advocate, 11 Apr. 1973, 13; “Broshears to Solicit for Parade,” The Advocate, 25 Apr. 1973, 19; “Endorsements, Resignations for S.F. Parade Board,” The Advocate, 9 May 1973, 17; “Separate Celebrations Set: 2 Kinds of Gay Pride in S.F.?” The Advocate, 23 May 1973, 4; “Wider Support Appears for N.Y. Pride Celebration,” The Advocate, 23 May 1973, 3; John Paul Hudson, “New York Notes,” The Advocate, 23 May 1973, 26; “S.F. Parade Plans, Rivalry Both Grow,” The Advocate, 6 June 1973, 19; “Broshears’ Fete to Span Plaza,” The Advocate, 6 June 1973, 19; Thea Thunderthighs, “Bay Area to Bloom for Gay Pride Week,” Berkeley Barb, 8 June 1973, 11; “S.F. Pride Week Fair Permit Denied,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 7; “N.Y. Parade Planners Believe 20,000 May Turn Out June 24,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 3; “Christopher Street South Planned in Miami Beach,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 17; Arthur Evans, “Gay Pride Affirms Will to Resist,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 37; “Major Pride Celebration for Chicago,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 27; “Parade Places, Times,” Berkeley Barb, 22 June 1973, 8; John Darnton, “Homosexuals March Down 7^th Avenue,” New York Times, 25 June 1973, 21; “Thousands in Gay Lib Celebration,” New York Post, 25 June 1973; “A Sunny Gay Parade in the City,” San Francisco Chronicle, 25 June 1973, 3; Arthur Bell, “Hostility Comes Out of the Closet,” Village Voice, 28 June 1973, 1, 16, 18; Richard Boxer, “Parade Points Way,” Berkeley Barb, 29 June 1973, 3; “History of Gay Pride Week,” Chicago Gay Crusader, June 1973, 2; “Announcing Gay Pride Week 1973,” Chicago Gay Crusader, June 1973, 1; “Optimism High for S.F. Fetes,” The Advocate, 4 July 1973, 16; “Miami Parade Gets Rained Out,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 4; Gerald Hansen, “Color, Joy in San Francisco,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 3, 24; “NYC Area Celebrates Many Ways,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 19; Randy Wicker, “Gays Pour Through New York,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 3, 5; Don Dunfee, “3000 Brave Heat for Chicago Pride Parade,” The Advocate, 18 July 1973, 6, 19; “Gay Glory 1973,” Chicago Gay Crusader, July 1973, 1, 4, 10, 14; “In Chicago Gay Pride 1973,” Mattachine Midwest Newsletter, July 1973, 4-5; “Behind the Lines on Gay Pride Sunday,” GAY, Aug. 1973, 3; “Gay Day 73!” GAY, Aug. 1973, 12-13; “NYC Gay Pride,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1973, 4; Karla Jay, “The Decline and Fall of an Idealist or Why Ain’t I Marching Anymore,” Lesbian Tide, Aug. 1973, 10, 23-25; “Drags & TV’s Join the March,” Drag (3.11), c. Aug. 1973, 4-11, 44; Bob McCarroll, letter to the editor, Drag (3.11), c. Aug. 1973, 40; Dan Sherbo, “The Alternative Rap,” Gay Alternative, c. Aug. 1973 (no. 5), 3; “Chicago Gay Pride March,” Gay Scene, Aug. 1973, 5; Sara Thompson, “Politics of Drag,” Lavender Woman, Aug. 1973, 13; “NYC Gay Pride,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1973, 1; “Gay Parade,” Gay Activist, Oct. 1973. [P] [P] [P] [P]

29 June 1973: Gay Awareness Women’s Kollective demonstration at the Ann Arbor Public Library. Primary sources: Rebecca Warner, “Gay Pride Week Celebrated Locally Despite Council,” Michigan Daily, 27 June 1973, 3, 12; Ellen Hoffman, “Week Not So Gay…,” Ann Arbor Sun, 12 July 1973, 3; “Lesbian Pride/Gay Pride,” Gay Liberator, July 1973, 4; Jackie Bailey, letter to the editor, Ann Arbor Sun, 8 Aug. 1973, 2. [N] [P]

29 June 1973: GLF-Ann Arbor gay pride march from Michigan Union to Ann Arbor City Hall. Primary sources: Rebecca Warner, “Gay Pride Week Celebrated Locally Despite Council,” Michigan Daily, 27 June 1973, 3, 12; Ellen Hoffman, “Week Not So Gay…,” Ann Arbor Sun, 12 July 1973, 3; “Lesbian Pride/Gay Pride,” Gay Liberator, July 1973, 4; Jackie Bailey, letter to the editor, Ann Arbor Sun, 8 Aug. 1973, 2. [N] [P]

30 June 1973: Gay pride parades in Dallas (200-1200 participants), Detroit (200-300 participants), and Minneapolis (100 participants). Primary sources: “Dallas Law Won’t Stop Gays,” The Advocate, 14 Feb. 1973, 17; “Michigan Gay Pride Week ’73,” Gay Liberator, Apr. 1973, 11; “Okies to Join Dallas Parade on June 30,” The Advocate, 20 June 1973, 17; Bob Hippler, “Gay Week Schedules,” Fifth Estate, 23 June 1973, 6; “The Christopher Street Story,” Gay Liberator, June 1973, 1; “Michigan Gay Pride Week,” Gay Liberator, June 1973, 12-13; “Gay Pride Parade,” Nuntius, June 1973, 1; “Gay Pride Week,” Nuntius, June 1973, 1; Bob Hippler, “Gays Overrun City!” Fifth Estate, 7 July 1973, 6-7; “Lesbian Pride/Gay Pride,” Gay Liberator, July 1973, 4; “Gay Pride Week,” Nuntius, July 1973, 2, 3; Rob Shivers, “Not So Big D,” The Advocate, 1 Aug. 1973, 3; “Minneapolis Rally Hears School Chief,” The Advocate, 1 Aug. 1973, 3; Don Gaudard, “Taking Our Rights,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1973, 10-11; Rachele Fruit, “Red, Gay & Proud,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1973, 10-11; Don Mager, “Revolutions Begin Within,” Gay Liberator, Aug. 1973, 10-11. [P] [P] [P]

June 1973: Madison Gay Liberation Front demonstrations against The Boys in the Band at Theater Guild. Primary sources: Ron McCrea, “Madison’s Gays Active in Many Areas,” Capital Times, 25 June 1973, 39. [M]

June 1973: Gay Caucus of Youth Against War and Fascism march on Cook County Jail in Illinois to protest anti-LGBT treatment of prisoners. Primary sources: “Gays March on Cook County Jail,” Chicago Gay Crusader, July 1973, 8. [J]

3 July 1973: Gay pride rally, march, and demonstration at Madison Civic Center Plaza (20 participants). Primary sources: “Pride Week 1973,” GPU News, Aug. 1973, 1, 15. [P]

3 July 1973: Gay-in at Juneau Park in Madison (50 participants). Primary sources: “Pride Week 1973,” GPU News, Aug. 1973, 1, 15. [G]

6 July 1973: LGBT protest against police harassment at Public Safety Building in Madison. (Primary sources: “Pride Week 1973,” GPU News, Aug. 1973, 1, 15. [O]

7 July 1973: Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance demonstration against media censorship and employment discrimination at Atlanta Journal Constitution (15 participants). Primary sources: “Homosexuls Stage Protest at Newspapers,” Atlanta Constitution, 8 July 1973, 7C;  Bill Cutler, letter to the editor, Atlanta Voice, 21 July 1973, 3; “Atlanta Lesbians Picket Paper,” The Advocate, 1 Aug. 1973, 2. [M]

17 July 1973: GAA-SF demonstration against Pacific Telephone employment discrimination at California Public Utilities Commission (15 participants). Primary sources: “‘Zapping’ the Utilities,” San Francisco Chronicle, 18 July 1973, 5. [B] [N]

18-27 July 1973: Minnesota Gay Activists demonstrations against employment discrimination at Northwestern Bell Telephone in Minneapolis (6-20 participants). Primary sources: “Battle of Ma Bell Spreads to Minnesota,” The Advocate, 29 Aug. 1973, 14. [B] [B] [B] [B] [B] [B]

26 July 1973: LGBT demonstration at screening of The Boys in the Band at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (12 participants). Primary sources: Diane Levick, “Gay Males Stop Movie in Protest,” Michigan Daily, 27 July 1973, 3, 10; “Gay Tactics Poor,” Michigan Daily, 28 July 1973, 4; “A Clarification,” Michigan Daily, 31 July 1973, 4; Kyle Counts, “Gay Demonstration Tactics Assailed,” Michigan Daily, 1 Aug. 1973, 4; “Battling ‘Boys in the Band,’” Gay Liberator, Sept. 1973, 1. [M] [U]

2 August 1973: Minnesota Gay Activists demonstrations against employment discrimination at Northwestern Bell Telephone in St. Paul (12 participants). Primary sources: “Battle of Ma Bell Spreads to Minnesota,” The Advocate, 29 Aug. 1973, 14. [B]

9 August 1973: Gay Activists Alliance march and demonstration against police harassment in New York (300 participants). Primary sources: Steven R. Weisman, “Homosexuals Get Police Promises,” New York Times, 10 Aug. 1973, 35; “Gotham Cops To Be Nicer(!),” The Advocate, 12 Sept. 1973, 3; “Village Crackdown Whiplashes Gays,” The Advocate, 26 Sept. 1973, 3. [O]

26 August 1973: Lesbian Feminist Liberation demonstration against sexism at the Museum of Natural History in New York (100 participants). Primary sources: John Darnton, “Rallies Muted as Women End Suffrage Celebration,” New York Times, 27 Aug. 1973, 59; Vittoria Repetto, “Women’s Day: Lavender Dinosaur Was A Ms.,” The Advocate, 26 Sept. 1973, 2; “Zapping the Intellectual Wing of the Oppressive Bird Brain Establishment,” Sisters, Sept. 1973, 12; Judy Burns and Robyn Lutzky, “LFL Zaps Museum of Natural History,” The Lesbian Feminist, Oct. 1973, 1, 2, 6, 7; “N.Y. Sapphasaura,” Lesbian Tide, Oct. 1973, cover; Karla Jay, “New York: Week of Protest,” Lesbian Tide, Oct. 1973, 3. [M] [S]

4 October 1973: LGBT demonstration against police harassment in Los Angeles (40 participants). Primary sources: “Angry Gays March on Hollywood Cops,” The Advocate, 24 Oct. 1973, 3. [O]

9 October 1973: Gay Raiders demonstration at District Attorney’s office in Philadelphia City Hall (12-15 participants). Primary sources: “Gay Raiders Strike D.A.,” Philadelphia Daily News, 10 Oct. 1973, 29; “Specter Says He Backs Rights of Gay People,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 10 Oct. 1973; “District Attorney Arlen Specter,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 10 Oct. 1973, B2; “Gay Raiders Storm,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 Oct. 1973. [E] [N]

14 October 1973: Gay Awareness Women’s Kollective demonstration against Rubaiyst bar/restaurant in Ann Arbor. Primary sources: “Lesbian Attacked; Hit City for Inaction,” Gay Liberator, Nov. 1973, 2; “Protest Closes Council,” Gay Liberator, Apr. 1974, 1. [B]

20 October 1973: National Lesbian Kiss-In at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (100 participants). Primary sources: “Lesbian Kiss-In Last Saturday,” Los Angeles Free Press, 26 Oct. 1973, 26; “Women at Kiss-In,” Sisters, Nov. 1973, cover and 1; Joannie Millard, “First Nat’l Lesbian Kiss-In,” Lesbian Tide, Dec. 1973, 3-4. [M]

26 October 1973: United Front of Gay Organizations protests against Sanford and Son program at Merchandise Mart in Chicago (30 participants). Primary sources: “Activists in Lather over NBC Slurs,” The Advocate, 21 Nov. 1973, 3; “Gays Zap NBC and Gillette,” Chicago Gay Crusader, Nov. 1973, 1, 6; Bruce Meisner, “Briefs,” Mattachine Midwest Newsletter, Dec. 1973, 9: “Media Images,” Gay Liberator, Feb. 1974, 2. [M] [B]

26 October 1973: Gay Raiders protest against Sanford and Son program on NBC Today program in New York (1 participant). Primary sources: Les Brown, “N.B.C. Acts after Complaints by Homosexual Organizations,” New York Times, 27 Oct.1973, 63; “NBC-TV to Consult ‘Gays’ on Programming after Raid,” Philadelphia Daily News, 27 Oct. 1973, 20; “Gay Philadelphian Invades ‘Today’ Set,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 Oct. 1973, B1; “Activists in Lather over NBC Slurs,” The Advocate, 21 Nov. 1973, 3; “Gays Zap NBC and Gillette,” Chicago Gay Crusader, Nov. 1973, 1, 6; “Gays Zap Media—And Each Other, Too,” The Advocate, 5 Dec. 1973, 4, 10; Bruce Meisner, “Briefs,” Mattachine Midwest Newsletter, Dec. 1973, 9: “Media Images,” Gay Liberator, Feb. 1974, 2. [M]

26-27 October 1973: Kent GLF demonstrations against sexism and racism at Myrtle’s 5 & 10, a gay bar in Akron, Ohio (45 participants). Primary sources: Kathy Belknap, “KGLF Pickets ‘Sexist, Racist’ Bar,” Daily Kent Stater, 30 Oct. 1973, 7. [B] [B]

27 October 1973: Threatened GAA-NY zap of the Dick Cavett Show (followed by gay program on 27 November). Primary sources: “Gays to Be on Cavett Show,” Los Angeles Advocate, 25 Nov. 1970, 5. [M]

October 1973: LGBT protest against police harassment at Griffith Park in Los Angeles (30 participants). Primary sources: Doug Sarff, “‘Gay Patrol’ Helps L.A. Cops Guard Mother Nature,” The Advocate, 7 Nov. 1973, 3, 27. [O]

4 November 1973: Gays for Political Action and Youth Against War and Fascism Gay Caucus march from First Universalist Church to Rochester City Hall (24 participants). Primary sources: “Gays Demonstrate, Rap in Rochester,” The Advocate, 5 Dec. 1973, 17; Marshall Goldman, “Gays for Political Action Protest City Council,” Empty Closet, Dec. 1973, 1, 5. [N]

16 November 1973: LGBT participation in demonstration against massage parlor accused of anti-labor and anti-LGBT practices (7 participants). Primary sources: Dan Blugerman, “Workers Stage Protest at Local Massage Parlor,” Michigan Daily, 17 Nov. 1973, 1. [B]

21 November 1973: Gay Media Task Force demonstration against Los Angeles premier of So Long, Blue Boy (30 participants). Primary sources: “Media Task Force Pickets One Film, Eyes Fox Release,” The Advocate, 19 Dec. 1973, 4, 9;
Rita A. Goldberger, “Media Accepts Gay Demands,” Lesbian Tide, Jan. 1974, 4-5. [M]

30 November 1973: Lesbian Feminist Liberation zap of the Dick Cavett Show in New York (25 participants). Primary sources: Lin Farley, “Gilder Gelded,” Lesbian Feminist, Dec. 1973, 1, 2; “Lesbians Zap Cavett Show: Ashes for an Anti-Gay Lib Author,” The Advocate, 2 Jan. 1974, 5; “Lesbian Feminists Protest on Cavett Show,” Sister, Jan. 1974, 4; Karla Jay, “Lesbians Zap Dick Cavett,” Lesbian Tide, Jan. 1974, 3; Elaine Loferty, letter to the editor, Sister, Feb. 1974, 7. [M]

9 December 1973: Inside-Out and Join Hands march to protest mistreatment of LGBT prisoners in San Francisco (100 participants). Primary sources: “Demonstrators Ask Gay Inmate Reforms,” The Advocate, 2 Jan. 1974, 10; “Gay Prison March & Rally,” Gay Sunshine, Feb. 1974, 3; “March for Prisoner Rights,” Gay Liberator, Mar. 1974, 3. [J]

11 December 1973: Inside-Out and Join Hands march to protest mistreatment of LGBT prisoners in Sacramento (30-40 participants). Primary sources: “Demonstrators Ask Gay Inmate Reforms,” The Advocate, 2 Jan. 1974, 10; “March for Prisoner Rights," Gay Liberator, Mar. 1974, 3. [J]

11 December 1973: Gay Raiders zap of The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite in New York (2 participants, 2 arrests). Primary sources: “Battler for Gay Rights Makes Cronkite Show,” Philadelphia Daily News, 12 Dec. 1973, 3; “2 Protesting Gay Raiders Surprise Cronkite on Air,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 Dec. 1973, B9; “‘Gay Raiders’ Invade Cronkite News Show,” New York Times, 12 Dec. 1973, 94; “Homosexual Protester Interrupts Cronkite Show,” Boston Globe, 12 Dec. 1973, 20; “CBS News Interrupted by Lone ‘Gay’ Protestor,” Hanford Sentinel, 12 Dec. 1973, 12; “Gay Protest at CBS,” Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12 Dec. 1973, 15; “Gay Protest on Camera at CBS,” Napa Valley Register, 12 Dec. 1973, 16; Joe Kennedy, “Raiders Pull Quick Opener on Cronkite,” The Advocate, 2 Jan. 1974, 2, 12; Larry Fields, “Jack (Kelly), Be Nimble,” Philadelphia Daily News, 14 Jan. 1974, 23; “Subpoena for Cronkite,” Napa Valley Register, 14 Jan. 1974, 19; “Cronkite Served Subpoena in Trial of Gay Activists,” Santa Rosa Press Democrat, 21 Jan. 1974, 18; “Cronkite Served,” Desert Sun (Palm Springs), 25 Jan. 1974, 24; “Cronkite Called for Defense in ‘Zap’ Trial of Gay Raiders,” The Advocate, 13 Feb. 1974, 2; Richard Pfeiffer, “This Month,” Chicago Gay Crusader, Feb. 1974, 4; “CBS Newsman: We Deserve Zaps,” The Advocate, 27 Feb. 1974, 14; Larry Fields, “Big-Money Bingo Coming,” Philadelphia Daily News, 26 Mar. 1974, 43; “The Scene,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 10 Apr. 1974, 36; Rod Townley, “Gay Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Inquirer Today, 12 May 1974, 262; Bill Curry, “On the Go,” PI, 28 June 1974, 21; “Segal, Langhorne—Guilty!,” Weekly Philadelphia Gayzette, 5 July 1974, 1; Tommi, “Contribute to Gay Raider’s Defense Fund,” Weekly Philadelphia Gayzette, 26 July 1974, 2; “Two Flags: Segal and Cronkite,” Drummer, 27 Aug. 1974, 3; “Gay Raiders Guilty for the Cronkite Zap,” The Advocate, 31 July 1974, 13; “‘Morally Right, Legally Wrong,’” The Advocate, 28 Aug. 1974, 4; “2 ‘Gay Raiders’ Fined For Television Protest,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 Sept. 1974, D2. [M]

21 December 1973: Gays Against Media Bigotry picket of The Laughing Policeman at Cinema 21 in San Francisco. Primary sources: “San Francisco Chief Agrees with Gays: Fox Movie 'Offensive,’” The Advocate, 16 Jan. 1974, 3, 35; George Mendenhall, “Gay Rage Puzzles Police Film Co-Star,” The Advocate, 16 Jan. 1974, 3, 35. [M]

December 1973: GAA-San Francisco picket of San Francisco Police Department benefit showing of The Laughing Policeman at Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco (20-24 participants). Primary sources: “Protest,” Santa Cruz Sentinel, 13 Dec. 1973, 26; R. B. Bumpus, “From the Mailbag,” Bay Area Reporter, 9 Jan. 1974, 8; “San Francisco Chief Agrees with Gays: Fox Movie 'Offensive,’” The Advocate, 16 Jan. 1974, 3, 35. [M]